{"id":1778,"date":"2026-03-26T02:21:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T02:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/accelerating-query-execution-optimized-entity-relationship-models\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T02:21:00","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T02:21:00","slug":"accelerating-query-execution-optimized-entity-relationship-models","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/accelerating-query-execution-optimized-entity-relationship-models\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ERD: T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Infographic<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng tin th\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m ch\u00ednh \u1edf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Quan h\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERMs) quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy\u1ec7t, n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng tin; n\u00f3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i th\u1ef1c thi nhanh h\u01a1n. \ud83d\udcc9<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb1ng sau thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, t\u00ednh cardinality c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n hay t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng: ERDs v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ef1c quan cho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho logic l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Khi m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1ea3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/code> b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
  • Theo kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code> b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
  • N\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng Chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code> b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/code>b\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    M\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c I\/O v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 CPU. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a k\u00e9m, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ed3ng nhau, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ERD gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n

    Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a so v\u1edbi phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a: T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u<\/h3>\n

    Khi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF), d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Chi ph\u00ed n\u1ed1i:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng b\u1ed5 sung trong chu\u1ed7i n\u1ed1i l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n
    • Xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a:<\/strong> Truy c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
    • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CPU:<\/strong> B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u1eadp k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy c\u1eadp cao.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • C\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu thao t\u00e1c ghi \u00edt x\u1ea3y ra h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc, vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
      • C\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong> L\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ed5ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 total_order_value<\/code>) trong b\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng cho m\u1ed7i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n
      • Chia theo chi\u1ec1u ngang:<\/strong> Gi\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean truy c\u1eadp c\u00f9ng nhau gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed7i khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ngu\u1ed3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

        Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \ud83d\udd11<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

        L\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n

        M\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng con \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng kh\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
        • C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadm \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
        • C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3a tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          M\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho ph\u00e9p c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thao t\u00e1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c thay v\u00ec qu\u00e9t, gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u1eeb O(N) xu\u1ed1ng O(log N).<\/p>\n

          Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n

          Khi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n l\u1ecdc theo user_id<\/code> v\u00e0 created_at<\/code> trong b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00e9t c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

          Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

          C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n n\u1ed1i m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1ecdn. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y gi\u00fap thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed1i<\/th>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi<\/th>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          N\u1ed1i v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p<\/td>\nC\u00e1c t\u1eadp k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc cao<\/td>\nNhanh v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf; ch\u1eadm v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p qu\u00e9t l\u1edbn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i B\u0103m<\/td>\nC\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/td>\nT\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb; t\u1ed1t cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i G\u1ed9p<\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo kh\u00f3a gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i<\/td>\nR\u1ea5t nhanh n\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i nhanh h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i G\u1ed9p.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n

          Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu n\u00e0y s\u1edbm s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i n\u1ed1i chu\u1ed7i:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u01a1i B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi B, B li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi C, v\u00e0 C li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi D. C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n b\u1ea3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm.<\/li>\n
          • Chu\u1ed7i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng VARCHAR<\/code>cho c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm so s\u00e1nh h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
          • Nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u ID trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t duy nh\u1ea5t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1ch nhau b\u1edfi d\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9y) s\u1ebd ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n
          • Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3ng cha v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng con bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y, ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sau:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong>Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
            2. Xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
            3. Tinh ch\u1ec9nh t\u00ednh cardinality:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c (m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u). Cardinality sai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
            4. Chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng theo ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e9t cho m\u1ed7i truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n
            5. Theo d\u00f5i kh\u00f3a:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1ea1y l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111ang gi\u1eef kh\u00f3a, th\u01b0\u1eddng do \u0111i qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Xem x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \ud83d\udcbe<\/h2>\n

              S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo trang. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef g\u1ea7n nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd, th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u00edt thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u0129a h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Chu\u1ed7i h\u00f3a:<\/strong>S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea1m vi.<\/li>\n
              • L\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ed9t so v\u1edbi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef h\u00e0ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef theo c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i n\u00e9n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
              • B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1eadp k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thay v\u00ec t\u1eebng h\u00e0ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u1eabn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec song song v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic b\u00ean trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac linh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi t\u1ea3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hy sinh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i. \ud83d\udcca<\/p>\n

                T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t tr\u1edf n\u00ean ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u01a1n tru.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng tin th\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1779,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n nhanh h\u01a1n \ud83d\ude80","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 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