{"id":1655,"date":"2026-03-27T03:00:29","date_gmt":"2026-03-27T03:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/handling-high-volume-writes-er-diagram-design\/"},"modified":"2026-03-27T03:00:29","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T03:00:29","slug":"handling-high-volume-writes-er-diagram-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/handling-high-volume-writes-er-diagram-design\/","title":{"rendered":"X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Comic<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u0103ng nhanh, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Khi m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb7ng sang c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb7ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u00eam ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb7ng \ud83d\udcc8<\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn x\u1ea3y ra khi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd, lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn IoT, s\u1ed5 ghi ch\u00e9p giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c. Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e8n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd:<\/strong> S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thao t\u00e1c ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5:<\/strong> Th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi.<\/li>\n
  • C\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00f3a:<\/strong> C\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean khi nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y suy gi\u1ea3m, ch\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ban \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a (1NF, 2NF, 3NF) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra chi ph\u00ed b\u1ed5 sung trong c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tra c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

    Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u – nhi\u1ec1u trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ghi:<\/p>\n

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    • B\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
    • B\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e8n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
    • B\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 hai ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c minh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
    • Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      M\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m t\u0103ng I\/O \u0111\u0129a v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 CPU. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea3i ghi n\u1eb7ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thao t\u00e1c ghi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

      Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ghi \u270d\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ghi. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/p>\n

      1. Chia t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n

      Chia m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u01a1n cho ph\u00e9p c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1ea3i ghi tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c logic kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Chia t\u00e1ch ngang:<\/strong> Chia c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u00e0y, ID ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng).<\/li>\n
      • Chia t\u00e1ch d\u1ecdc:<\/strong> Di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp sang c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n
      • Ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh:<\/strong> Ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00f3a trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i, c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

        2. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

        L\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i (join) trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, thay v\u00ec t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng li\u00ean quan m\u1ed7i khi m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • C\u1ed9t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n:<\/strong> L\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
        • C\u00e1c view \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a:<\/strong> T\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/li>\n
        • B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfm:<\/strong> Duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ebfm ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 chi ph\u00ed CPU khi ch\u00e8n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

          3. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n

          Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm thao t\u00e1c ghi. M\u1ed7i khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e8n, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ecdi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cao, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bloat ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
          • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
          • Tr\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong> B\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \ud83d\udcd1<\/h2>\n

            B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/th>\nHi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi<\/th>\nT\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/th>\nChi ph\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/th>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\nB\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ghi th\u1ea5p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nD\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ghi cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng<\/strong><\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u chu\u1ed7i th\u1eddi gian, t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            B\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh – Cao<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh NoSQL, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            X\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

            T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf quan h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c cho m\u1ed7i thao t\u00e1c ch\u00e8n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ngh\u1ebdn lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng cha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng con.<\/p>\n

            Trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ghi l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh sau:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ho\u00e3n l\u1ea1i:<\/strong>X\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i giao d\u1ecbch thay v\u00ec ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
            • Ki\u1ec3m tra \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>X\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
            • X\u00f3a m\u1ec1m:<\/strong>Ghi ch\u00fa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng thay v\u00ec x\u00f3a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft tham chi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n chi ph\u00ed x\u00f3a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro, nh\u01b0ng di chuy\u1ec3n logic x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n t\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

              T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ghi v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \ud83d\udcbe<\/h2>\n

              Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd Ghi tr\u01b0\u1edbc (WAL) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i thao t\u00e1c ghi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

              T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ghi<\/strong>x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c ghi logic duy nh\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c ghi v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Ch\u00e8n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t:<\/strong>Gom nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
              • Ghi tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean sinh kh\u00f3a tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 thay v\u00ec ch\u00e8n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u1ec7m:<\/strong>Cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u1edf l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi m\u1eabu l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 ghi v\u00e0 I\/O \u0111\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 ghi:<\/strong>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn.<\/li>\n
                • Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd kh\u00f3a:<\/strong>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea1nh tranh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n.<\/li>\n
                • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 ERD \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eabn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng ghi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

                  T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                  Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD cho ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay sang hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Ki\u1ec3m tra chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
                  • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng:<\/strong>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p chia nh\u1ecf theo chi\u1ec1u ngang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
                  • H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Gi\u1eef con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e0ng g\u1ecdn nh\u1eb9 c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/li>\n
                  • Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thao t\u00e1c phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i khi ch\u00e8n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                  • X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong>Chuy\u1ec3n ki\u1ec3m tra r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ra kh\u1ecfi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ghi quan tr\u1ecdng khi an to\u00e0n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hy sinh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u0103ng nhanh, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1656,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"X\u1eed l\u00fd ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER cho ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. 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