{"id":1591,"date":"2026-03-25T08:05:20","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T08:05:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/costly-design-flaws-production-erd\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T08:05:20","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T08:05:20","slug":"costly-design-flaws-production-erd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/costly-design-flaws-production-erd\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Child-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Khi c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i xa h\u01a1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a, \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

1. Cardinality m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

Cardinality x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Cardinality sai d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i logic trong truy xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

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  • B\u1ecf s\u00f3t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
  • Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn so v\u1edbi B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i sai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb null \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng b\u1ecb s\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    2. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

    Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd. Ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ec3u sai s\u1ebd ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed9ng cho ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

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    • Tr\u00e0n s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u1ecf cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i tr\u00e0n khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng gian cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng:<\/strong>L\u01b0u tr\u1eef ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00fai gi\u1edd s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n chung cho s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p logic x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c sau n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 n\u00ean d\u00f9ng cho t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

      3. Thi\u1ebfu r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu \ud83d\udd12<\/h2>\n

      To\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

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      • Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc lan truy\u1ec1n:<\/strong>X\u00f3a b\u1ea3n ghi cha m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc lan truy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi con b\u1ecb treo trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
      • Thi\u1ebfu r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng thay v\u00ec r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7.<\/li>\n
      • X\u00f3a m\u1ec1m:<\/strong>X\u1eed l\u00fd sai c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Khi thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i cho ph\u00e9p ghi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y h\u1ecfng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

        4. So s\u00e1nh chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a truy v\u1ea5n. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, trong khi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t cho hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

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        • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF):<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n
        • Kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ecf qua chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy c\u1eadp cao, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ch\u1eadm. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

          5. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c gi\u00fap t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy v\u1ea5n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 cao.<\/p>\n

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          • Thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
          • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong>Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 ghi v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n
          • Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh:<\/strong>Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ed9t sai trong ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy v\u1ea5n l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen chu\u1ea9n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy c\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

            6. H\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            C\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. C\u00e1c t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n khi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Ch\u1eef hoa v\u00e0 ch\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111an xen:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng camelCase \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i v\u00e0 snake_case \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/li>\n
            • C\u00e1c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft m\u01a1 h\u1ed3:<\/strong>C\u00e1c t\u00ean ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 \u201ccust\u201d hay \u201cord\u201d thi\u1ebfu r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi trong nh\u00f3m.<\/li>\n
            • T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u l\u00e0m t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd g\u00e2y l\u1ed7i c\u00fa ph\u00e1p trong truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sai ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh SQL.<\/p>\n

              Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              Thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/th>\nT\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/th>\nChi ph\u00ed kinh doanh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
              Thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nM\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, vi ph\u1ea1m tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sai<\/td>\nL\u00e3ng ph\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, l\u1ed7i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n<\/td>\nSai l\u1ec7ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, l\u1ed7i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/td>\nHi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1eadm, \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 cao<\/td>\nTr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ch\u1eadm, m\u1ea5t doanh thu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/td>\nQu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng, xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng k\u00e9m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              T\u00ean g\u1ecdi k\u00e9m<\/td>\nChi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec cao, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i cao<\/td>\nTh\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u0103ng, l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

              Vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n
              • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>Ch\u1ea1y ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1edbm.<\/p>\n

                Xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • S\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3:<\/strong> Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
                • H\u1ebft h\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
                • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chia nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m cho c\u00e1c t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  B\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

                  Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                  L\u1ed7i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh cardinality, ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n. Chi ph\u00ed s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ch\u00fang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

                  T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u01afu ti\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1592,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"7 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. 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