{"id":1583,"date":"2026-03-25T07:36:36","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T07:36:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/schema-optimization-techniques-derived-from-erd-diagrams\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T07:36:36","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T07:36:36","slug":"schema-optimization-techniques-derived-from-erd-diagrams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/schema-optimization-techniques-derived-from-erd-diagrams\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Cartoon-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn truy v\u1ea5n s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn suy gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t theo th\u1eddi gian. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch r\u00fat ra c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c quan n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hay c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\ud83d\udcd0 Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ERD<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i ph\u1ea3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh th\u00e0nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u logic. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy c\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u1ee3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u00e0y. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 t\u00ean, ID ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng lu\u1ed3ng logic ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udd28 C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

    Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c chia c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb logic nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

    D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF)<\/h3>\n

    Quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i hay m\u1ea3ng trong m\u1ed9t \u00f4 duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, danh s\u00e1ch s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ed7i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch b\u1edfi d\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9y.<\/p>\n

    D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai (2NF)<\/h3>\n

    Khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1NF, 2NF gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u khi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. B\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y tinh ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba (3NF)<\/h3>\n

    D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh B, v\u00e0 B ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Kh\u00f3a, th\u00ec A kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng. Di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady sang m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n<\/th>\nM\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh<\/th>\nR\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    1NF<\/td>\nGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2NF<\/td>\nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/td>\nLo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3NF<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/td>\nLo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u26a1 T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n

    Trong khi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc, chi ph\u00ed ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ch\u1ee7 \u00fd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

    Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng sau \u0111\u00e2y khi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • B\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c.<\/li>\n
    • L\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n
    • Giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao:<\/strong>Gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u n\u1ed1i gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CPU.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Khi tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy tr\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao. C\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udd17 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00ednh cardinality v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h2>\n

      T\u00ednh cardinality x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t:<\/strong>Hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho b\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng duy nh\u1ea5t trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng trong B\u1ea3ng B.<\/li>\n
      • M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi cha li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi con. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3ng con.<\/li>\n
      • Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. B\u1ea3ng trung gian n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh sai v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh cardinality d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u tr\u1eef k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, coi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n s\u1ebd ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u li\u00ean k\u1ebft. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udcc9 Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

        Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng s\u1ebd ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u0129a v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t khi l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
        • Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
        • Kh\u00f3a k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi truy v\u1ea5n l\u1ecdc theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t trong ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
        • C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng cao. T\u00ednh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc th\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh) hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f To\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c tham chi\u1ebfu<\/h2>\n

          C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c x\u00f3a nh\u1ea7m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi b\u1edfi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • KH\u00d4NG R\u1ed6NG:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t lu\u00f4n ch\u1ee9a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n
          • DUY NH\u1ea4T:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. H\u1eefu \u00edch cho \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n
          • CASCADE:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi con khi b\u1ea3n ghi cha b\u1ecb x\u00f3a. C\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, cascade ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh null.<\/li>\n
          • KI\u1ec2M TRA:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ng\u0103n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c minh t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung logic ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p m\u00e3 v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

            \ud83d\udd04 Tinh ch\u1ec9nh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h2>\n

            Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

            Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tinh ch\u1ec9nh, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
            • Ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c chia nh\u1ecf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
            • C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong>Khi logic kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u sang nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n
            • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Xem c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng theo th\u1eddi gian. N\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00edch t\u1ee5 n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

              \u2705 Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

              S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • X\u00e1c minh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba (3NF).<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra.<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
              • X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
              • Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi.<\/li>\n
              • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho vi\u1ec7c phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
              • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh cardinality v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1584,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \ud83d\uddfa\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER. 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