{"id":1551,"date":"2026-03-25T05:10:38","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T05:10:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/achieving-third-normal-form-performance\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T05:10:38","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T05:10:38","slug":"achieving-third-normal-form-performance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/achieving-third-normal-form-performance\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ERD: \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Charcoal<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p th\u00f4ng qua chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. B\u00ean kia l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n: tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nguy c\u01a1 truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1eadm, ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh tay v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, n\u01a1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tu\u00e2n theo D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba (3NF) nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n hay t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 3NF, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF) v\u00e0 D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai (2NF). Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a 3NF l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed.<\/li>\n
  • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai:<\/strong>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n
  • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba:<\/strong>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu A x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh B, v\u00e0 B x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh C, th\u00ec C kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o A trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 3NF, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i x\u1ea3y ra khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3ng \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code> b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> b\u1ea3ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf b\u1ea3ng kia s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. 3NF bu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u26a1<\/h2>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 3NF r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i. M\u1ed7i thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u0129a ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, kh\u1edbp c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

    H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ea7n t\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 giao h\u00e0ng. Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf 3NF \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i n\u0103m b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn.<\/p>\n

    D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn 3NF:<\/p>\n

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    • T\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed cho thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i:<\/strong>M\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i trong c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n
    • I\/O \u0111\u0129a:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trang m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i truy c\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
    • Logik truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh SQL ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p khi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea1m:<\/strong>L\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea1m nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

      B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u 3NF m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c sau \u0111\u00e2y gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hy sinh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

      1. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n

      Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t chu\u1ea9n 3NF. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u01b0u t\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong b\u1ea3ng \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code> b\u1ea3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t khi tra c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t trigger ho\u1eb7c logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n sao n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt khi b\u1ea3n ghi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

      2. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h3>\n

      Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i b\u1ea3ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u1ed1i. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, thao t\u00e1c tra c\u1ee9u tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> Lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n
      • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t n\u1ebfu truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u1ecdc theo t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
      • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c bao ph\u1ee7:<\/strong> Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i truy v\u1ea5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. Chia t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n

        N\u1ebfu t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, vi\u1ec7c chia nh\u1ecf b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Chia t\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u01a1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c. Ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea7n qu\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

        4. B\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n

        T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. Sao ch\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 sang m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n sao ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao, gi\u00fap h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh lu\u00f4n nhanh ch\u00f3ng cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

        Xem x\u00e9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \ud83d\udcd0<\/h2>\n

        Khi v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft truy v\u1ea5n. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1edbm. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9m trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00ednh cardinality:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 cardinality \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u). C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n
        • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n:<\/strong> D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi 10.000 b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00ean t\u1edbi 10 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n ghi.<\/li>\n
        • Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i:<\/strong> Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd \u0111i qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
        • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> Ghi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi b\u1edfi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u1edf l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          So s\u00e1nh: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a so v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1i \u01b0u \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

          B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t 3NF v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf 3NF nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t<\/th>\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          S\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p<\/td>\nT\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p truy v\u1ea5n<\/td>\nCao (Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i)<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh (\u00cdt ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i h\u01a1n)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi<\/td>\nNhanh (\u00edt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n)<\/td>\nThay \u0111\u1ed5i (b\u1eaft s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc<\/td>\nCh\u1eadm h\u01a1n (I\/O \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a)<\/td>\nNhanh h\u01a1n (d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u t\u1ea1m)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u0110\u1ed9 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nCao (v\u1edbi x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 quy t\u1eafc \ud83d\uded1<\/h2>\n

          C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi c\u1ea7n b\u1ecf qua 3NF nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean \u0111i l\u1ec7ch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • B\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch:<\/strong>C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u00f4i sao thay v\u00ec 3NF. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n giao d\u1ecbch.<\/li>\n
          • H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u thao t\u00e1c ghi m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y, c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tranh ch\u1ea5p kh\u00f3a. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
          • H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
          • \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc cao:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u 100 l\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ghi, chi ph\u00ed duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n 3NF s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch mang l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra tri\u1ec3n khai \u2705<\/h2>\n

            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y \u0111i qua danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
            • \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7t chu\u1ea9n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n
            • Xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hay kh\u00f4ng, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra chi ph\u00ed b\u1ed5 sung trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
            • Th\u1eed t\u1ea3i ghi:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
            • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
            • Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

              \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n gi\u1eefa t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i, t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1eeba nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1552,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"\u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \ud83d\ude80","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba. 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