{"id":1537,"date":"2026-03-25T04:05:19","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T04:05:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/uncover-hidden-erd-bottlenecks\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T04:05:19","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T04:05:19","slug":"uncover-hidden-erd-bottlenecks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/uncover-hidden-erd-bottlenecks\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn \u1ea9n trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n"},"content":{"rendered":"
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<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

M\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c thi. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn \u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. S\u1ef1 b\u1ecf qua n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ch\u1eadm, chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y n\u00eau r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u01a1i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t k\u00e9m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9n n\u00e1u v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd lan r\u1ed9ng qua to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd kh\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 m\u1ea1ng t\u0103ng do truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0i truy v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c thi.<\/li>\n
  • Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi:<\/strong>C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ch\u00e8n v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
  • Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ngang ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ngay l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

    C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u1ea9n s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb thi\u1ebfu t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

    1. Qu\u00e1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng kh\u00f3 truy v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 logic duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1ecb chia ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed7i thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c \u00edt h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
    • Ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i trong m\u1ecdi truy v\u1ea5n truy c\u1eadp th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
    • C\u00e2n nh\u1eafc lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i cho c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu l\u1eabn nhau theo c\u00e1ch v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft m\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec7 quy v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ed7i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c cho t\u1eebng b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
      • Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hai chi\u1ec1u khi ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n tham chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. Thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c th\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n

        S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • T\u00ecm c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng con.<\/li>\n
        • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 WHERE m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n
        • Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c d\u01b0 th\u1eeba ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng gian nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy c\u1eadp duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Sai l\u1ec7ch ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          C\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn sai ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh ch\u1eadm.<\/p>\n

          L\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n

          C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u). G\u00e1n nh\u00e3n sai c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh logic kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

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          • M\u1ed9t-\u0110a:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u00eda “nhi\u1ec1u”.<\/li>\n
          • Nhi\u1ec1u-Nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong> X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn so v\u1edbi B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c NULL ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

            S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3u chung nh\u01b0 VARCHAR cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb linh ho\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh so s\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/th>\nKi\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/th>\nL\u00fd do<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            C\u1edd logic<\/td>\nBOOLEAN ho\u1eb7c TINYINT<\/td>\nTi\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian so v\u1edbi chu\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Ng\u00e0y\/Gi\u1edd<\/td>\nDATETIME ho\u1eb7c TIMESTAMP<\/td>\nT\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            M\u00e3 ng\u1eafn<\/td>\nCHAR (\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh)<\/td>\nSo s\u00e1nh nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            V\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn<\/td>\nTEXT ho\u1eb7c CLOB<\/td>\nNg\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0110\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\nBIGINT ho\u1eb7c UUID<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

            Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi duy nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n qu\u00e9t nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u00ean \u0111\u0129a. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m cao.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • L\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p s\u00e2u:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed1i n\u0103m b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n
            • Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft:<\/strong> B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
            • N\u1ed1i k\u1ebft t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p) y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn tr\u00ean kh\u00f3a cha.<\/li>\n
            • N\u1ed1i k\u1ebft l\u1edbn:<\/strong> Tr\u00e1nh n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Khi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy c\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c view v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t d\u01b0 th\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

              Quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \ud83d\udccb<\/h2>\n

              T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ERD \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3:<\/strong> Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng, c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Ghi ch\u00e9p m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
              2. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong> Xem l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
              3. Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh cardinality:<\/strong> X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c logic m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
              4. Xem l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3.<\/li>\n
              5. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 trigger kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra chi ph\u00ed th\u1eeba.<\/li>\n
              6. T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong> \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t sau m\u1ed7i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c cho l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u26a1<\/h2>\n

                Sau khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Chia t\u00e1ch:<\/strong> Chia c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf, d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea1m vi truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n
                • B\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u1ecdc:<\/strong>H\u01b0\u1edbng l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng sang c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
                • L\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea1m:<\/strong>L\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean truy c\u1eadp trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua thao t\u00e1c tra c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho th\u00f4ng tin t\u0129nh.<\/li>\n
                • Gi\u1ea3m chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i (joins) trong c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t cao.<\/li>\n
                • L\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong>Chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed sang l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdn nh\u1eb9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                  T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Xem c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. L\u01b0u c\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh di chuy\u1ec3n trong kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
                  • \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3:<\/strong>L\u00ean l\u1ecbch ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 m\u1ed7i qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
                  • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Duy tr\u00ec t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ERD lu\u00f4n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/li>\n
                  • Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1eadm ho\u1eb7c tranh ch\u1ea5p kh\u00f3a cao.<\/li>\n
                  • \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, x\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt hay l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

                    H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u00fang v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    M\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1538,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn ERD v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\ude80","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn ERD \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[80,84],"class_list":["post-1537","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-database-design","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn ERD v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\ude80<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn ERD \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u. 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