{"id":1528,"date":"2026-03-23T04:36:53","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T04:36:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/refactoring-monolithic-schemas-entity-relationship-modeling\/"},"modified":"2026-03-23T04:36:53","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T04:36:53","slug":"refactoring-monolithic-schemas-entity-relationship-modeling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/refactoring-monolithic-schemas-entity-relationship-modeling\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Infographic<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n sang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERM) cung c\u1ea5p khung l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 quy tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ERM nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thay v\u00ec k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhu c\u1ea7u ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Theo th\u1eddi gian, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n.<\/li>\n
  • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong>C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
  • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd:<\/strong>Logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u00ec c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n
  • R\u1ee7i ro tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n logic c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

    Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \ud83d\udcd0<\/h2>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t) v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i) theo \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 logic. Khi t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, ERM ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ERM<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em> ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
    • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0email<\/em> ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1<\/em>. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n
    • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-M\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-Nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n
    • S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

      Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

      Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 logic kinh doanh n\u00e0o b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3:<\/strong> Ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3ng, c\u1ed9t, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
      • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n n\u00e0o ch\u1ea1y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
      • B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sang \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
      • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong> T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n
      • Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i tinh vi m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

        Quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: B\u01b0\u1edbc theo b\u01b0\u1edbc \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

        Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 quy tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

        1. \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng mi\u1ec1n (DDD)<\/h3>\n

        B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng theo c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n kinh doanh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Thay v\u00ec s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng cho b\u00e1o c\u00e1o), h\u00e3y s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng cho h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng cho x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

        2. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

        Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF):<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. M\u1ed7i c\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
        • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai (2NF):<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
        • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba (3NF):<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 3NF l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thao t\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi<\/h3>\n

          Sau khi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i<\/em>, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

          4. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169 sang l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 r\u1ee7i ro cao nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Di chuy\u1ec3n theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee5p (Snapshot Migration):<\/strong>D\u1eebng ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
          • Ghi song song (Dual Write):<\/strong>Ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi gian chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
          • Sao ch\u00e9p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadt k\u00fd (Log-Based Replication):<\/strong>Ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb nh\u1eadt k\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \ud83d\uded1<\/h2>\n

            Vi\u1ec7c tinh ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i (refactoring) mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • B\u1ecf qua ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t t\u1eeb S\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean<\/em> sang Chu\u1ed7i<\/em>m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c minh logic \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
            • Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft (join) qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n
            • M\u1ea5t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>Chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sang l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f9ng ghi v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
            • B\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u2705<\/h2>\n

              Sau khi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng chu\u1ea9n:<\/strong>So s\u00e1nh th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n
              • X\u00e1c minh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n ghi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean (lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n).<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ed3i quy \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Ch\u1ea1y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                So s\u00e1nh: L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u01a1n th\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 Module<\/h2>\n

                B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 c\u0169 k\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn module \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nL\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u01a1n th\u1ec3<\/th>\nL\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ea3ng<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn, \u0111a m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/td>\nC\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, theo l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                S\u1ef1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nGi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng qua chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00f3 chia nh\u1ecf<\/td>\nD\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng theo l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Tri\u1ec3n khai<\/strong><\/td>\nThay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c<\/td>\nC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p truy v\u1ea5n<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn<\/td>\nC\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Microservices \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 vi m\u00f4. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1n quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Khi m\u1ed7i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean chung.<\/p>\n

                S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Thay v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                Duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed7i khi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. C\u1ea7n l\u00ean l\u1ecbch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft khi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

                M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

                S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 sang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo m\u00f4-\u0111un l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1529,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ERD \ud83d\udcd0","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. 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