{"id":1526,"date":"2026-03-23T04:29:59","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T04:29:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/entity-relationship-models-database-latency\/"},"modified":"2026-03-23T04:29:59","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T04:29:59","slug":"entity-relationship-models-database-latency","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/entity-relationship-models-database-latency\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Chibi-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u00fat, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i tr\u1ef1c quan ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng hay b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng m\u1ea1ng. N\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERM) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u0129a h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i gi\u1eefa l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng mili gi\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c vi gi\u00e2y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t mili gi\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 n\u00e0y t\u00edch t\u1ee5 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch logic cho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. M\u1ed7i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ERM, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 (metadata) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cao, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c tra c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thao t\u00e1c I\/O c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
  • Tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong> Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
  • Th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong> Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 chu\u1ed7i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lan truy\u1ec1n qua l\u1edbp v\u1eadt l\u00fd, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7m, c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f3a. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 truy xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udcc9 S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5<\/h2>\n

    Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (1NF, 2NF, 3NF) \u0111\u1ea9y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

    H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, v\u00e0 Chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>b\u1ea3ng. M\u1ed7i ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra chi ph\u00ed x\u1eed l\u00fd CPU v\u00e0 I\/O \u0111\u0129a. N\u1ebfu b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

    T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong> Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00edt kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n
    • T\u0103ng s\u1ed1 ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i:<\/strong>C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
    • Ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u trang h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c ghi, vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong m\u1ed7i giao d\u1ecbch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, chi ph\u00ed t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn. Vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a hay kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy c\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udd17 \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi<\/h2>\n

      \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1eb3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 cao, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

      Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp trung gian b\u1ed5 sung. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n truy v\u1ea5n qua c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft li\u00ean k\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, thao t\u00e1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i<\/strong><\/th>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5<\/strong><\/th>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i trong (Inner Join)<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 truy xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi kh\u1edbp nhau.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i tr\u00e1i\/ph\u1ea3i (Left\/Right Join)<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nTruy xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ghi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda, kh\u1edbp t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ch\u00e9o (Cross Join)<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nT\u00edch \u0110\u1ec1-c\u00e1c; hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n (Self Join)<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nN\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n logic c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udcce C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD<\/h2>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. Khi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c, c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tra c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3ng cha \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u00e9t b\u1ea3ng con \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra vi ph\u1ea1m r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

      H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00ednh cardinality c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111a g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u1edf ph\u00eda nhi\u1ec1u (b\u1ea3ng con) s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111a-\u0111a bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n
      • Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong>R\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
      • Kh\u00f3a k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> H\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n l\u1ecdc tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n
      • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c bao ph\u1ee7:<\/strong>Bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tra c\u1ee9u b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u1ee7i ro. M\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi v\u00ec c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

        \u2699\ufe0f R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 ghi<\/h2>\n

        M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra chi ph\u00ed b\u1ed5 sung trong c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi. Khi ch\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c minh xem b\u1ea3n ghi tham chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c minh n\u00e0y m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

        Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, m\u1ed7i r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m tra. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu l\u1edbn, b\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c x\u00f3a lan truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t chu\u1ed7i x\u00f3a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng, khi\u1ebfn t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean b\u1ecb kh\u00f3a trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

        Xem x\u00e9t gi\u1eefa ghi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n
          \n
        • H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc:<\/strong>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
        • H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i ghi:<\/strong>Th\u00edch l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
        • X\u00f3a lan truy\u1ec1n:<\/strong>N\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f3a h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n \u1edf l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng thay v\u00ec l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 sang \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udd04 Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

          Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i cho c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, vi\u1ec7c phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 thi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u0111\u01b0a t\u00ednh d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u01b0u t\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

          K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd g\u1ea7n nhau, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u0129a duy nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean, m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • B\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o:<\/strong>C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
          • Giao d\u1ecbch t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t cao:<\/strong>\u1ede \u0111\u00f3, mili gi\u00e2y quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n
          • L\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m:<\/strong>T\u00edch h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3. Vi\u1ec7c phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u0103ng cao.<\/p>\n

            \u2705 Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

            \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 th\u1ea5p, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng truy v\u1ea5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
            • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft:<\/strong>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n
            • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n
            • Xem x\u00e9t t\u00ednh cardinality:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
            • Theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
            • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong>Ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c thi.<\/li>\n
            • C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>C\u00e2n nh\u1eafc chi ph\u00ed ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n so v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch coi ERD nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i nhanh.<\/p>\n

              \ud83d\ude80 Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h2>\n

              \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111a chi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a mang l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

              Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd gia t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng. Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u01afu ti\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 trong d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1527,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"ERD v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 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