{"id":1524,"date":"2026-03-23T04:21:57","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T04:21:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/indexing-patterns-based-on-erd-structure\/"},"modified":"2026-03-23T04:21:57","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T04:21:57","slug":"indexing-patterns-based-on-erd-structure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/indexing-patterns-based-on-erd-structure\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c M\u1eabu Ch\u1ec9 M\u1ee5c D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean C\u1ea5u Tr\u00fac S\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed3 Quan H\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c Th\u1ec3 C\u1ee7a B\u1ea1n"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 b\u1ed9: s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). \ud83d\udcd0 Trong khi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u c\u1ed9t, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hay kh\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ERD c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh cardinality v\u00e0 t\u00ednh k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u. B\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft tinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm, I\/O qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

\ud83d\udd11 Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng: ERD v\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 M\u1ee5c<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ef1c quan; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c gi\u00fap t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y xem l\u1edbp l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e9t t\u1eebng k\u1ec7 (thao t\u00e1c qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng). Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebb th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ebb th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c sai\u2014v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 theo th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i thay v\u00ec theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 khi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00ednh\u2014s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft ai l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Cardinality:<\/strong> C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 cardinality cao (gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t) s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n
  • T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i:<\/strong> C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
  • Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ghi:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ch\u00e8n v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
  • M\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? B\u1ea1n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? ERD s\u1ebd g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u1ec9 M\u1ee5c Kh\u00f3a Ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n

    Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh (PK) l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gom nh\u00f3m cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

    1. Kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3 vs. Kh\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/h3>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3 (m\u1ed9t ID t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng) v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho vi\u1ec7c gom nh\u00f3m. Ch\u00fang ng\u1eafn, t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c chia trang v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi. \ud83d\udcc8<\/li>\n
    • Kh\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean:<\/strong> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ec9 M\u1ee5c Gom Nh\u00f3m<\/h3>\n

      Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c gom nh\u00f3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c gom nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i truy v\u1ea5n, trong khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 s\u1ebd x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udd17 T\u1ed1i \u01afu H\u00f3a Kh\u00f3a Ngo\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n

      Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i (FK) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. Khi b\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i hai b\u1ea3ng, b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t FK. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd suy gi\u1ea3m th\u00e0nh qu\u00e9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ed3ng nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

      1. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c C\u1ed9t Kh\u00f3a Ngo\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n

      Lu\u00f4n t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng con. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng li\u00ean quan m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng<\/th>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/th>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      M\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u (B\u1ea3ng con)<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng con<\/td>\nCho ph\u00e9p tra c\u1ee9u nhanh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nhi\u1ec1u-m\u1ed9t (B\u1ea3ng cha)<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh trong b\u1ea3ng cha (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh)<\/td>\nH\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh chu\u1ea9n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      X\u00f3a cascading<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i + kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh cha<\/td>\nNg\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      2. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh<\/h3>\n

      \u0110\u00f4i khi, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb b\u1ea3ng cha). Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng con, kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a cha. Vi\u1ec7c sai l\u1ec7ch th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ed9t trong ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udd00 X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u<\/h2>\n

      C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u (M:N) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng giao nhau. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ea3ng cha. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

      H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3Sinh vi\u00ean<\/code> \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/code>. B\u1ea3ng giao nhau k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n truy v\u1ea5n b\u1ea3ng giao nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c hai chi\u1ec1u:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c hai c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n truy v\u1ea5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u00eda n\u00e0o (Sinh vi\u00ean \u2192 Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u2192 Sinh vi\u00ean) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
      • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n truy xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean (Student_ID, Course_ID) s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi hai ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 bao ph\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n truy v\u1ea5n duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \ud83d\udcca Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c bao ph\u1ee7<\/h2>\n

        Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi truy v\u1ea5n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t duy nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

        1. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ed9t l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h3>\n

        Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t trong ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nhau k\u1ebft th\u00fac. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c (Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Ti\u1ec3u bang), m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n l\u1ecdc theo Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9 l\u1ecdc theo Ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecf qua n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

        2. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c bao ph\u1ee7<\/h3>\n

        Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c bao ph\u1ee7 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 danh s\u00e1ch SELECT. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n truy c\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh (heap). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

        \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n

        Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong>M\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u0129a v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi. Ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy v\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng cho r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc th\u1ea5p:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u1edd boolean \u201cis_active\u201d) th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng nhanh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n
        • B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb NULL:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c x\u1eed l\u00fd gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb NULL kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o logic truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb NULL \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c trong c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
        • S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh:<\/strong>Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh. C\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n

          M\u1ed9t khi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

          1. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi<\/h3>\n

          H\u00e3y t\u00ecm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u201cQu\u00e9t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c\u201d so v\u1edbi \u201cT\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c\u201d. T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; qu\u00e9t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn, h\u00e3y xem l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

          2. Theo d\u00f5i vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n

          \u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng v\u00f4 \u00edch. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi.<\/p>\n

          3. Xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

          Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u0103ng l\u00ean, chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u0103ng theo. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi 10.000 b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 10 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n ghi. C\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb ERD khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udd04 T\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9<\/h2>\n

          \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee5m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
          • Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
          • B\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c hai chi\u1ec1u cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 M:N.<\/li>\n
          • M\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong>T\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru. B\u1ea1n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c theo ki\u1ec3u t\u00f9y h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n d\u1ec5 truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 logic kinh doanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn. \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1525,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"C\u00e1c m\u1eabu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \ud83d\uddc2\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u - nhi\u1ec1u.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[80,84],"class_list":["post-1524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-database-design","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nC\u00e1c m\u1eabu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \ud83d\uddc2\ufe0f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. 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