{"id":1518,"date":"2026-03-23T03:57:44","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T03:57:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/modeling-hierarchical-data-er-diagrams\/"},"modified":"2026-03-23T03:57:44","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T03:57:44","slug":"modeling-hierarchical-data-er-diagrams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/modeling-hierarchical-data-er-diagrams\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a D\u1eef li\u1ec7u C\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong C\u00e1c S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER Chu\u1ea9n"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1eb3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ebfm khi tu\u00e2n theo s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp tin, c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e2y danh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trongc\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 cha-con n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) chu\u1ea9n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho ph\u00e9p truy xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1eb3ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

\ud83e\udde9 Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u1eb3ng<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng. Trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 chu\u1ea9n, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u, n\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c danh m\u1ee5c con, nh\u1eefng danh m\u1ee5c con n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c danh m\u1ee5c con con, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n?<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7 chu\u1ea9n g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ph\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i t\u00f9y \u00fd. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00f3 ba m\u1eabu ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Danh s\u00e1ch K\u1ec1:<\/strong> L\u01b0u tr\u1eef ID cha b\u00ean trong b\u1ea3n ghi con.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p L\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p:<\/strong> G\u00e1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i:<\/strong> L\u01b0u tr\u1eef to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u00fat g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fat hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \ud83d\udd17 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Danh s\u00e1ch K\u1ec1<\/h2>\n

    Danh s\u00e1ch K\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD chu\u1ea9n. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 tham chi\u1ebfu. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udcd0 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

    Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t n\u00fat trong c\u00e2y. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0parent_id<\/code> ho\u1eb7c ancestor_id<\/code>, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00fat cha. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u00fat n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, c\u1ed9t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb null.<\/p>\n

    X\u00e9t m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng choB\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn<\/code>:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • id:<\/strong> Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t cho b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn.<\/li>\n
    • name:<\/strong> T\u00ean hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn.<\/li>\n
    • parent_id:<\/strong> M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00f2ng ban c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u2705 \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h3>\n
        \n
      • \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
      • T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t:<\/strong>Di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n; b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt parent_id<\/code>c\u1ee7a n\u00fat g\u1ed1c nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
      • Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>N\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF) v\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u274c Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h3>\n
          \n
        • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong>L\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat con \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec7 quy ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u1edf ph\u00eda \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
        • Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c duy\u1ec7t s\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eadm n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3ng chung \u0111\u1ec7 quy (CTEs).<\/li>\n
        • T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu:<\/strong>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \ud83c\udf32 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p L\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p<\/h2>\n

          M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p L\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng. Thay v\u00ec theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c con tr\u1ecf cha, m\u1ed7i n\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n hai s\u1ed1:left<\/code> v\u00e0 right<\/code>. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00fat trong ph\u00e9p duy\u1ec7t ti\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udcd0 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

          H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y m\u00e0 n\u00fat g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p. Khi b\u1ea1n duy\u1ec7t c\u00e2y, b\u1ea1n t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfm. Khi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u00fat, b\u1ea1n ghi l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfm hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0left<\/code>. Khi b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00fat \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfm l\u00e0right<\/code>. C\u00e1cright<\/code> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00f4n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u00e1i<\/code> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

          M\u1ed9t Danh m\u1ee5c<\/code>b\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • id:<\/strong> M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
          • t\u00ean:<\/strong> T\u00ean danh m\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n
          • lft:<\/strong> Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb bi\u00ean tr\u00e1i.<\/li>\n
          • rgt:<\/strong> Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb bi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u2705 \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • Truy xu\u1ea5t nhanh:<\/strong>L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh con l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ngBETWEEN<\/code> logic.<\/li>\n
            • Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3:<\/strong> Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi danh s\u00e1ch k\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2y l\u1edbn, s\u00e2u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u274c Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • Chi ph\u00ed ghi:<\/strong>Ch\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u00fat l\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecblft<\/code> v\u00e0 rgt<\/code> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong> Logic r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \ud83d\udee3\ufe0f \u0110\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1eb5n<\/h2>\n

                C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u00fat d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c danh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eabu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1eb5n. N\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a danh s\u00e1ch k\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i.<\/p>\n

                \ud83d\udcd0 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

                Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u01b0\/home\/user\/documents\/report.txt<\/code>. Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ed7i c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch trong c\u1ed9t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b01\/5\/12\/<\/code>.<\/p>\n

                B\u1ea3ng bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • id:<\/strong> Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
                • path:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c.<\/li>\n
                • depth:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean cho bi\u1ebft n\u00fat n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u bao nhi\u00eau c\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \u2705 \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  • Duy\u1ec7t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat con b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1edbp ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn.<\/li>\n
                  • D\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n
                  • S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp:<\/strong> S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng cho ra th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \u274c Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    • T\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn d\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                    • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chu\u1ed7i:<\/strong> C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c h\u00e0m thao t\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi so s\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \ud83d\udcca Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch so s\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n

                      Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecdc\/ghi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. B\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nDanh s\u00e1ch k\u1ec1<\/th>\nT\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p<\/th>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi<\/strong><\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tri\u1ec3n khai<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e2y s\u00e2u<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00f3<\/td>\nC\u00f3<\/td>\nC\u00f3 (v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      Logic truy v\u1ea5n<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ec7 quy<\/td>\nQu\u00e9t ph\u1ea1m vi<\/td>\nPh\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      \u2699\ufe0f C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 xem x\u00e9t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n

                      Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Danh s\u00e1ch k\u1ec1:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ed9t parent_id<\/code> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u00fat c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
                      • T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 hai lft<\/code> v\u00e0 rgt<\/code>. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea1m vi.<\/li>\n
                      • \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1eb5n:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ed9t path<\/code> c\u1ed9t. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh con.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt<\/h2>\n

                        C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u0129nh. Khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u00fat t\u1eeb nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y sang nh\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                        \ud83d\udd04 Di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00fat<\/h3>\n

                        Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Danh s\u00e1ch k\u1ec1<\/strong>, vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u00fat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt duy nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i parent_id<\/code> c\u1ee7a n\u00fat g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e1nh con. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

                        Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p<\/strong> m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u00fat l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lft<\/code> v\u00e0 rgt<\/code> cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat trong nh\u00e1nh con \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ch\u1ed7 cho n\u00fat b\u1ecb di chuy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

                        Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1eb5n<\/strong> m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00fat b\u1ecb di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn cho t\u1eebng n\u00fat con, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c ghi n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2y l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

                        \ud83c\udfaf C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

                        \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y khi tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00ean chung chung nh\u01b0 col1<\/code>. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng parent_id<\/code>, ancestor_id<\/code>, lft<\/code>, ho\u1eb7c rgt<\/code> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
                        • Th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng. M\u1ed9t n\u00fat kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
                        • Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u:<\/strong> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 10 c\u1ea5p) th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                        • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn:<\/strong> V\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng chu\u1ea9n SQL, h\u00e3y ghi r\u00f5 m\u1eabu n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                        • Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p danh s\u00e1ch k\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ghi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \ud83e\udde0 Ch\u1ecdn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/h2>\n

                          Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ‘\u0111\u00fang’ duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • Ch\u1ecdn danh s\u00e1ch k\u1ec1 n\u1ebfu:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u1edf m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.<\/li>\n
                          • Ch\u1ecdn t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p n\u1ebfu:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc cao, n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n truy xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e2y con l\u1edbn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n
                          • Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a n\u1ebfu:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u01b0 URL) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, d\u1ec5 truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                            C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1eb3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1519,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \ud83c\udf33","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2y trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7. 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