{"id":1498,"date":"2026-03-23T02:26:35","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T02:26:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/designing-scalable-entity-relationship-diagrams-for-growth\/"},"modified":"2026-03-23T02:26:35","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T02:26:35","slug":"designing-scalable-entity-relationship-diagrams-for-growth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ez-knowledge.com\/vi\/designing-scalable-entity-relationship-diagrams-for-growth\/","title":{"rendered":"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Kawaii-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Khi m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 t\u0129nh; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u00e9m s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t, t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng qua ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

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    Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em>, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>. Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp<\/em>, gi\u00e1<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0y_t\u1ea1o<\/em>. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp logic k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng qua kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    S\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n ghi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u sai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

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      M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1):<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hi\u1ebfm khi x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u01b0ng h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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      M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N):<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi duy nh\u1ea5t trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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      Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u (M:N):<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh hai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. B\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c tra c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00ean xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trung gian.<\/p>\n

      Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cho hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc t\u0129nh, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

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        D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF):<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. M\u1ed7i c\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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        D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 hai (2NF):<\/strong>D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean 1NF b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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        D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF):<\/strong>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra chi ph\u00ed hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t do s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a hay phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a n\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecdc\/ghi c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 ghi s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

        L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

        Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc sau; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ERD \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

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          Chia t\u00e1ch:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy chia t\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chia t\u00e1ch (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng<\/em> ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0y<\/em>) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ngang:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh. Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m kh\u00f3a ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u1eeb khi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          X\u00f3a m\u1ec1m:<\/strong> Thay v\u00ec x\u00f3a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi, h\u00e3y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p theo d\u00f5i ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n kh\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. Khi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o. Tr\u00e1nh m\u00e3 h\u00f3a logic c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u linh ho\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t JSON cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n

          Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1eaby. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. B\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          \n

          Khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

          		\n

          \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

          		\n

          Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp API.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          Thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 truy v\u1ea5n t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic kinh doanh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          Chuy\u1ec3n logic x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c sang l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00ednh cardinality v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Quy tr\u00ecnh tinh ch\u1ec9nh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

          Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n then ch\u1ed1t trong chu k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n

            Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Xem c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            V\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh doanh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ea3i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            V\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9m, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ERD. \u0110\u00f4i khi, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eb9 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

            Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc8<\/h2>\n

            Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n

              D\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp \u00edt th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n g\u1ecdn nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0y h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              Sao ch\u00e9p:<\/strong>L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u1ecdc. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u00fat ph\u1ee5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              C\u00e2n nh\u1eafc chi ph\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sao l\u01b0u. Ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

              B\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t truy c\u1eadp \ud83d\udd12<\/h2>\n

              B\u1ea3o m\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi truy c\u1eadp. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t truy c\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 (RBAC) n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n

                B\u1ea3o m\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n:<\/strong>Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i ai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e3 h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c che gi\u1ea5u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n, ngay c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

                K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

                B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p khi nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Khi m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1499,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. 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